LA DIOSA MADRE, VENUS Y LA ERMITA TEMPLARIA DE UCERO 

 

© Xavier de la Huerga 2023

Entre los círculos inciáticos populares, la ermita de San Bartolomé de Ucero y la Virgen de la Salud en el Cañón del Río Lobos (Soria), es un hito y un referente; un lugar que conecta con lo numinoso1 a través de su historia, sus leyendas, simbología y elementos astrogeománticos. Superlativos entre estos son su enigmático emplazamiento geográfico y su alineación astronómica. Pero también hay una importante dimensión arcaica, muy anterior a su construcción en el siglo XIII, apuntando a un santuario precristiano dedicado a Venus con posibles raíces en un culto prehistórico a la Diosa Madre. 

1 La experiencia de lo divino, lo sagrado, sobrenatural, mágico o misterioso.

Porqué se construyó la ermita en una pendiente tan pronunciada, cuando hay tanto espacio llano a tan solo unas decenas de metros de esa ubicación? (Imagen: Xavier de la Huerga)

El Sitio Perfecto, en el Momento Perfecto, con el Propósito Perfecto.

Este discreto templo en el Cañón del Río Lobos se asienta en un lugar muy especial. Ya en 1979 el sagaz historiador de la España esotérica, Juan Garcia Atienza, averiguó que la ermita está situada, con precisión extraordinaria, equidistante entre los puntos más al Este y al Oeste del Norte de la Península Ibérica. 

Además de su exacto emplazamiento a escala planetaria, el entorno inmediato de la ermita es espectacularménte atmosférico y emotivo; un anfiteatro natural donde las bellas rocas kársticas parecen expresar un impulso para cruzar al plano de lo orgánico. La potente configuración del lugar incluye una gran cueva de contornos vaginales, a tan solo unos treinta metros al norte del abside de la ermita, en contrapunto con un enorme monolito natural de silueta itifálica a cien metros hacia el sur, mientras que el Río Lobos se curva en un cerrado meandro, exactamente frente a la entrada de la gruta-útero, añadiendo al conjunto la metáfora de las aguas amnióticas y del flujo menstrual.

 

El monolito y la cueva (Imagen copyright: Xavier de la Huerga)

Este cúmulo topográfico-simbólico nos habla de polaridades en equilibrio, de fertilidad, fecundación y gestación, del milagro de la vida y de la conjunción armoniosa de los opuestos; la verticalidad masculina del monolito apuntando al Cielo y la receptividad femenina de la cueva abriéndose en la Tierra. Estas asociaciones simbólicas y arquetípicas habrían sido imposibles de ignorar por una mente inmersa en el modo de percepción animista prevalente en la Edad de Bronce, a la cual pertenecen los grabados rupestres hallados en la cueva, así como el asentamiento que una vez dominó todo el conjunto desde lo alto de una de las paredes rocosas cercanas a la ermita. Podemos decir con certidumbre que los antiguos moradores del lugar, hace al menos 4.000 años, ya consideraron este espacio como lugar sagrado; así lo corrobora el registro arqueológico y el estudio de Blanca Samaniego sobre las actividades simbólicas y rituales que tuvieron lugar en este enclave.

Reproducciones de algunos de los grabados rupestres (Imagen: Xavier de la Huerga)

La Losa de la Salud y el Pentagrama de la Luz

En el interior de la ermita, frente a la capilla de la Virgen de la Salud hay una losa tallada con una cruz paté. La tradición local recoge la costumbre de colocarse descalzo sobre esta, para recibir la influencia sanadora de la Virgen cuando la losa es iluminada por el sol. Lo cual ocurre durante el solsticio de invierno a través de otro elemento icónico de la ermita: un óculo entretejido con las elegantes formas de un pentagrama lobulado.

La losa de la salud y el óculo meridional (Imagen copyright: Xavier de la Huerga) 

(Imagen copyright: Xavier de la Huerga)

El pentagrama, o pentalfa, es una figura especial dentro del canon de la geometría sagrada, ya que todos sus ángulos y segmentos están proporcionados en base a la Sección Aurea. Es, de hecho, la expresión de Phi más completa que se puede encontrar en una forma poligonal regular. Es además un símbolo milenario del planeta Venus, junto con el octógono o la estrella de ocho puntas; ya que cinco ciclos sinódicos de Venus totalizan ocho años, tras los cuales el astro vuelve a su misma posición en la eclíptica. El ciclo quíntuple fue ya simbolizado por medio del pentagrama hace más de 5.000 años en la ciudad Sumeria de Uruk, sede del culto a la diosa Inanna (equivalente mesopotámico de Venus); también se encuentra en los petroglifos del Desierto del Negev datados en 3.500 años y en el calendario proto-Elamíta. Es uno de los ciclos astronómicos más conspicuos a simple vista y una vez establecida su observación regular, es obvio para el observador que el planeta traza una estrella de cinco puntas en sus movimientos sobre la banda zodiacal.

Petroglifos representando el ciclo sinódico de venus en forma de pentagrama en el desierto del Negev. (Imagen copyright: https://israelrockart.com/posts/venuscalendar.html).

Las formas acorazonadas del pentagrama de Ucero podrían aludir veladamente a Venus, cuya mitología y la de su hijo Cupido incluye abundantes referencias al corazón como centro del plano emocional sobre el que Venus extiende su influencia. Pero también es posible que el diseño lobulado del pentagrama represente un motivo floral; la rosa y el mirto, ambas flores de cinco pétalos, son símbolos importantes en la iconografía de la diosa.

Otros pentagramas similares al de Ucero, ambos en la catedral de Lisboa (Imagen: https://visionsofthepastblog.com)

El Pentalfa de Hygeia

Para las escuelas pitagóricas, el pentagrama era un signo de reconocimiento entre sus miembros y lo llamaban Salud (Hygeia en griego, Salus en latín). Hygeia era, así mismo, el nombre de la diosa de la salud, protectora de la vida y dadora de longevidad. De su nombre deriva la palabra "higiene"; mientras que su origen etimológico se encuentra en el proto-indoeuropeo aiw-gwie-es, que denota fuerza vital, longevidad y vida eterna; aiw es también la raíz de ever (inglés: siempre), aion (griego: época, era, periodo de tiempo más largo que una vida humana) y aeviternus (latín: eterno, imperecedero). Esta etimología refuerza lo poco que se sabe de Hygeia y su carácter cuasichamánico, su relación con los cultos mistéricos de Orfeo y seguramente con la diosa de las serpientes minoica. El consorte de Hygeia (su equivalente masculino) es Esculapio, que acaba siendo aniquilado por Zeus con un rayo debido a su capacidad para hacer inmortales a los humanos.

Pentalfa inscrito con el nombre de Hygeia (Y Γ E I A), en la ciudad francesa de Chaumont. La "iota" está casi borrada por la erosión. (Imagen copyright: https://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca)

Hygeia era, a pesar de su capacidad para extender la vida, una deidad menor, frecuentemente fusionándose con otras diosas y confiriéndoles su rol curativo. Así tenemos a Venus Hygiea en el panteón romano, Athena Hygeia en el griego o Isis Médica en el panteón egipcio.

 Dos ejemplos de Venus Hygeia (Izda.: Siglo V, Roma. Dcha.: Siglo III, Anatolia). Ambas imágenes combinan la iconografía de las dos deidades; sus peinados y la presencia de Cupido corresponden a Venus, mientras que la serpiente alimentada con un huevo es el inconfundible atributo de Hygeia.

El Ucero del Alba

En su excelente libro Guía Templaria de San Bartolo en Río Lobos, Angel Almazán nos desvela un descubrimiento fascinante; el origen del nombre de Ucero atestigua la presencia de un antiguo templo de Venus en la zona. Almazán cita lo escrito por fray Gregorio Argaiz en 1660:

“...Argaiz encontró en el Catálogo Antiguo de Obispos de Osma un topónimo de Ucero muy sorprendente al señalar que la Villa y Tierra de Ucero fue comprada por el obispo Juan de Ascarón: “Lucero lo llama el catálogo antiguo, y en latín Lucifer: Emit Luciferum cum terminis suis, et dotavit Ecclesiam...”*. Así lo testimonia en el folio 238 vuelta. Más adelante, en el folio 285, trata de explicar tan “pagano” topónimo en estos términos: “...Villa que sin duda fue muy antigua y que hubo algún muy serio fundamento al darle el nombre de Lucero, sino es que fuese por algún templo que tuviese la ciega gentilidad en esta tierra dedicado a la Diosa Venus...”

* "Compró Luciferum (Lucero) junto con sus lindes y lo donó a la Iglesia". (Traducción del latín: X. de la Huerga). Lucifer es el epíteto de Venus como lucero del alba.

Es posible que el templo mencionado por fray Gregorio Argaiz, hubiese estado dedicado a Venus Hygeia? Y que este estuviera ubicado en el mismo paraje donde hoy se encuentra la ermita de San Bartolomé? Si hubiera sido así, es posible que la consagración a la Virgen de la Salud sea un ejemplo más de los muchos en los que la Iglesia actuó con prudencia, tratando de minimizar la resistencia al cambio de religión y construyendo sus iglesias en los mismos lugares donde los templos paganos se encontraban, dedicándolos a Santos, Vírgenes o Cristos que personificaban características similares a las de los antiguos dioses locales.

Hay quien relaciona a San Bartolomé con la serpiente, por la analogía entre su espantoso martirio, desollado vivo, y la muda de piel que un ofidio cíclicamente experimenta. Podría ser San Bartolomé un caso de cristianización de Esculapio, consorte de Hygeia?

Esculapio (Imagen copyright: 아스클레피오스)

Continuidad y Pervivencia del Genius Loci (Espíritu del Lugar)

Se propone con este artículo esbozar sucintamente la hipótesis de una continuidad y supervivencia - culturalmente coloreada - de la esencia y carácter simbólico-espiritual que el entorno de la ermita de Ucero tuvo desde tiempos prehistóricos. La dimensión mitológica se habría originado hace miles de años a partir de la percepción animista del enclave por sus moradores prehistóricos con la consiguiente determinación de su carácter sagrado y resultante  actividad ritual, que habría estado centrada alrededor del arquetipo dual Diosa Madre Tierra / Dios Padre Cielo. Su memoria posteriormente reaparecería en el periodo histórico bajo la forma de un culto a Venus Hygeia; para acabar en la veneración medieval a la Virgen de la Salud, resonando esta todavía con los ecos distantes del arquetipo primordial. 

Este canecillo sobre la portada esconde en su diseño un pene y una vulva, lo cual podría ser interpretado como el producto de una creatividad jocosa y un tanto fuera de lugar. Por otro lado, su autor podría estar indicando la presencia y potencia de los símbolos del "hieros gamos" en el entorno; la unión sagrada del Cielo y la Tierra, expresada geológicamente a través del monolito y la cueva. (Imagen: Xavier de la Huerga)

Si a todo lo ya expuesto añadimos los rumores de que la talla original de la Virgen de la Salud pudo ser una virgen negra, y la leyenda del "Cristo Brujo" de Ucero, que aconsejó a los constructores poner los pentagramas en los óculos de la ermita para protegerla de un dragón (ese viejo símbolo de lo telúrico); tenemos un campo temático que proporciona claves de interpretación coherentes no solo con la posibilidad de una continuidad del impulso espiritual primigenio hasta la Edad Media; sino con que esta continuidad hubiese sucedido gracias a que los constructores de la ermita eran conscientes del linaje ancestral sagrado del lugar y de una Inteligencia de la Tierra, que afloraría allí de forma transcendental, haciendo del paraje un verdadero omphalos, o "centro del mundo".

(Imagen copyright: Xavier de la Huerga)

Reflexión Final

El 24 de Agosto, día de San Bartolomé, se celebra con gran fervor una romería en la ermita de Ucero. Esta, curiosamente, tiene su foco en la Virgen de la Salud. Es, de hecho, su imagen - no la de San Bartolo - la que es sacada en procesión y todos los cánticos y oraciones tienen como objeto a la Virgen, a pesar de la dedicación de esta fecha al santo. 

En el siguiente fragmento de un himno órfico a Hygeia, los epítetos y expresiones utilizadas para su alabanza podrían aplicársele perfectamente tanto a la diosa Venus como a la Virgen de la Salud:

"Oh, tú, la muy amada, Reina sobre las reinas, escúchame, sustentadora de la vida, Hygeia, de bello semblante, Madre de todos; gracias a ti las enfermedades y los males que destruyen la dicha desaparecen de nuestras vidas..."

(Imagen: Xavier de la Huerga)

En Viaje al Corazón de Venus (I) (II) (III) puedes encontrar una exposición más extensa sobre el arquetipo de Venus, sus símbolos y su astronomía, la historia de la demonización de Lucifer, el Pentagrama, la Sección Aurea, Hygeia y otros temas relevantes.

Referencias Bibliográficas

Blanca Samaniego Bordiu. Espacios Simbólicos en el Bronce Antiguo del Alto Duero. Revista Complutum. Vol. 10, 1999. Universidad Complutense.

Juan García Atienza. La Meta Secreta de los Templarios. Ediciones Martinez Roca, 1979.

Angel Almazán de Gracia. Guía Templaria de San Bartolo en Rio Lobos. Editorial Sotabur, 2011.

Hellen Benigni. The Emergence of the Godess: A Study of Venus in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Era, 2013.

Rafael Fuster Ruiz. La alineación del solsticio de invierno en la iglesia de San Bartolomé de Ucero, 2020.

The Orphic Hymns, 41-86. Translated by Thomas Taylor, 1792. (Trad. del inglés X. de la Huerga).

Cursos de Iniciación a la Astrogeomancia Aplicada en España

Ecoaldea Los Portales, Sevilla. Diciembre 2023

Journey to the Heart of Venus (I)

 

COSMOS 

Harmonic Resonance, Consciousness and Purpose

© Xavier de la Huerga 2023

 

Originally, the word cosmos meant "benign order" or "ornament" and implied an aesthetic, ethical and intentional arrangement of the whole. This "whole" referred to the Earth, the Heavens and all that is found in them. So, in this understanding the word cosmos conjoined the beautiful, the good and the true in a single constellation of values that were perceived as inherent in the universal order. (Part of this primordial meaning still lives on in the word "cosmetic" = method or technique that results in an aesthetic improvement or beautification) 

 

 

During the 6th century BCE, the semi-mythical figure of Pythagoras (pytha goras = buddha guru = enlightened teacher) spreads through his teachings this tripartite conceptualization of the cosmos. This is an echo of the unified vision of reality originating in the remote past, inherited and passed on through the mystery schools of Egypt. Thus, the word cosmos gets to stand for a vision of reality in which the universe is endowed with harmonic resonance, consciousness and purpose. This is the Pythagorean vision of the Music of the Spheres, the universe as symphony, or Harmonices Mundi (the Harmonies of the World) as it was called by Kepler in its revolutionary astronomical treatise. It is with this specific cluster of meanings, that the word cosmos is going to be used throughout the whole of this three-part article.

Cosmocean. © Xavier de la Huerga 2012

The Diabolical Metamorphosis of Venus

In this same plane of cosmic resonances, we find the feminine astro-mythological archetype of Venus-Aphrodite, with attributes such as beauty and love ruling over the sustainment of harmony in the world. Her sphere of influence encompasses music, dance, poetry, passion and sexuality. Her mythological birth from the sea foam is a metaphoric reverberation of the primordial truth of our origins - the origins of all life on Earth - in the uterus of the oceanic matrix. As well as the emergence in the cosmos of the human soul; the emanation of the archetype of harmonic perfection. Beauty, love and truth as morphogenetic field, shaping living matter around itself.

When Cronos (Time) emasculates his father Uranus (Space/The Sky), his genitals (generative power) fall into the ocean/uterus and, out of the rising foam, Aphrodite is born. Pneuma (the breath of spirit) imparts consciousness, while Nature covers with her mantle (matter) the child of time and space, whose manifestation takes place through the agency of light, symbolised in the conch shell. 

In its astronomical aspect, the epithets lucifer and vesper correspond to the two visibility phases of the planet Venus in its synodic cycle, during which it alternates between morning star (lucifer) and evening star (vesper). Lucifer is the latin translation from the Greek word phosphoros - bringer of light - , while vesper is hesperos - dweller in the West. Lucifer was also the epithet of other goddesses associated with light; Diana lucifera, goddess of the full Moon, Aurora lucifera, goddess of dawn...

A Roman denarius depicting Diana Lucifera, Moon goddess, sister of the Sun god Apollo, carrying a torch as her title "bearer of light" implies.

The transference of the epithet lucifer to the judaic-christian archetype of Satan takes place with the translation of the Vulgate Bible by Jerome of Stridon at the end of the fourth century CE, specifically, with the translation of Isaiah 14:12. How did this extravagantly erroneous interpretation of the word lucifer came to be? This is a long and tortuous story that gos back to the group of texts known as the Septuagint Bible and its posterior interpretation by Origen of Alexandria. Curiously, part of the answer seems to be found in the heated relationship between Jerome and a polemic bishop in Cagliari (Sardinia) who went by the name of Lucifer Calaritanus and is still nowadays celebrated locally as Saint Lucifero. It is likely that he was excommunicated for his unorthodox interpretation of the Bible. In fact, Jerome wrote a pamphlet attacking him and his followers (Altercatio Luciferani et Orthodoxi - The Dispute between the Luciferian and the Orthodox).

It doesn't belong in this pithy article to continue unravelling the details of this obscure saga. Be that as it may, the demonisation of the epithet lucifer ends up being an early chapter in the history of the devaluation of the feminine principle kickstarted by the rise of patriarchal monotheistic religions.

Visita Interiora Terrae Rectificando Invenies Ocultum Lapidem - © Xavier de la Huerga 2012

The Pentagram. A Satanic Symbol? 

 

One of the "staples" of sacred geometry is the five-pointed star, pentagram, pentacle, or pentalpha. A symbol that, as we will see later on, has a deep relationship with Venus, both in its astronomical reality and in connection with the archetypal attributes of its goddess form. Consequently, the characteristics associated with the pentagram bring us back to the thematic continuum of Cosmos; ethics, aesthetics and truth.

The pentagram was revered by the Pythagorean school as the epitome of geometric perfection and the visible manifestation of the immanent beauty in the cosmos, because of the harmony in its proportions, symmetry and prodigious mathematical properties. Pythagorean initiates use it as an insiders' sign to recognize themselves and they call it Hygieia (Greek) Salus (Latin), being those the names of the feminine deification that stood for health and hygiene, the healing arts and pharmacopeia.

Ring from a member of the Pythagorean academy at Croton Pythagorean academy (Fourth Century BC). It bears the inscriptions: 'SALUS' - 'YGEIA' surrounded by the serpent of Ygeia. Drawing by V. Cartari from Le Imagini degli Dei degli Antichi (1647)

Hygeia-Salus nurturing the serpent

 

 

 

 

In the Greek pantheon, Hygeia is the daughter, sister or sometimes consort of Asclepius. Basically, his feminine counterpart that originally predates him as the deity of healing, but was in a warrior-dominated society, diminished to a secondary role. She is portrayed carrying a serpent and a small dish from where the serpent drinks or eats, symbolizing her capacity to nurture and regenerate the vital force. This serpent and bowl, have become the symbols for the pharmaceutical profession in the Western world.

 

In the same manner as the lucifer epithet, the pentagram has ended up suffering an inversion of its original and true meaning. This happened during the mid nineteenth century when the imaginative and influential French occultist Alphonse Louise Constant (who wrote under the pen name of Eliphas Levi) publishes his Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie, where he declares arbitrarily and without any historical factual support, that the downward-pointing pentagram stands for the principle of evil. Likewise, the pentagram that Eliphas Levi places upon the forehead of his famous illustration of Baphomet - the supposed deity worshipped by Templar Knights -, is fifty years later included in the "Devil" card of the popular Rider-Waite Tarot, thus reinforcing the modern association of the pentagram (specially, the downward-pointing pentagram) with the archetypal representation of Satan. This relationship has been exacerbated in the collective imagination through the means of Hollywood, the mass disinformation media and by the use of this symbol by figures with egomaniac, narcissistic traits; like Anton Lavey, founder of the Church of Satan in the latter half of the twentieth century.

          Baphomet, Eliphas Levi s. XIX               El Diablo, Tarot Rider-Waite s. XX        Le Diable, Tarot de Marseille s. XV

Certainly, before the nineteenth century the pentagram (whose first examples appear in Babylonian cuneiform tablets dating 5,500 years ago) not only wasn't associated with the principle of evil, but it actually was considered a talisman capable of bestowing protection against any of its forms or incarnations. An example of this belief in its protective power appears in Goethe's masterpiece Faust. During the third scene of part one, the devil (Mephistopheles) is blocked by the presence of a pentagram in a room to the point that, only when a mouse gnaws on it, is the devil capable of moving on.

It is obvious that, throughout history, European practitioners of the healing arts utilized the pentagram in one way or another. Hence, the names of witchfoot and drutenfuss (druid´s foot) by which it was known in the British Isles and Germany. Even so, the pentagram was never condemned by the Christian orthodoxy, as its abundant presence in uncountable churches and cathedrals throughout Christendom indicates, as well as its extensive use by early gnostic christians. This, together with the lack of any evidence for its identification by the Inquisition as an element of "devil worship", confirms the modernity of the fallacy of the pentagram as an emblem of the satanic.

         (Left) Clay tablet with proto-cuneiform writing and pentagram. (Centre) Magnified detail (Jemdet Nasr, 3.000 a.C.). (Right) Gnostic Amulet, third century CE.

But the true "magic" that the initiates of the past revered in the five-pointed star went further beyond its mere talismanic usage. This had to do with the understanding of this figure as a symbol of the elemental structure of the cosmos - the four elements plus ether, or spiritual quintessence - and because its whole geometry was an expression of the mathematical constant known as the Golden Ratio, which will be explored in Part II of Journey to the Heart of Venus.

Initiation into Appplied Astrogeomancy courses in Spain

Ecoaldea Los Portales, Sevilla. December 2023

Journey to the Heart of Venus (III)

 

SIDEREAL ROSE

The Cosmic Dance Between Venus and the Earth

© Xavier de la Huerga 2023

Venus is the closest planet to Earth, not just in terms of distance, but in size similarity. So much so, that some consider Venus the Earth´s "planetary twin". Out of its orbital period and that of the Earth, arises an exquisite harmonic relationship in the shape of a pentagonal pattern, suggestive of what we could call a rose of hearts; an elegant spatial configuration where two universal symbols of beauty and love appear intertwined. Hence, it is suggested that more than a twin pairing, the relationship between Earth and Venus is that of lovers.

The orbital pattern generated by Venus, from a geocentric perspective. Ilustration by James Ferguson from his book Astronomy Explained Upon Sir Isaac Newton’s Principles (1756).

What we can see in the two images above and below this paragraph, is the pattern created by the synodic cycle of Venus from a geocentric viewpoint. The 5 central loops (marked by pink dots in the image below) describe the moments of maximum proximity between Earth and Venus; the so-called inferior conjunctions. While the 5 points where the lines touch the external perimeter of this floral mandala (in green), depict the moments of maximum distance, or superior conjunctions. It takes Venus 8 years to draw this figure, during which it goes around the Sun 13 times. As we have seen in Part II of this series of articles, 5, 8 and 13 are members of the Fibonacci series; a numerical expression of Phi.

Venus' orbital pattern, computer generated graphics. Inferior conjunctions are marked in pink and superior ones in green. (Image from A Little Book of Coincidences. Copyright John Martineau 2001)

Let's remember here that the two flowers traditionally assigned to the goddess Venus are the  rose and myrtle, both with double pentagonal geometry since they have 5 petals and 5 sepals. (All roses possess 5 petals originally*, it's only when hybridising naturally or for the creation of cultivar varieties that pistils and stamens mutate, becoming petals and resulting in the popular ornamental roses that nowadays can reach up to 100 petals). *Rosa Sericea is the only exception, with four petals.

The rose is without doubt the most archetypal, mystical and mythical of all flowers. It comes down through time surrounded by a perfumed aura of mystery, appearing in the traditions of gnosticism, sufism, alchemical and hermetic emblems, the Roman festival of Rosalia, the Christian Holy Rosary, as symbol of the Rosicrucian Order, in the science of heraldry, or in the ancient latin expression "sub rosa", that was used to denote the highest secrecy.

Myrtle flowers                     Rosa Canina                Heraldic Rose                        Rosycross

The more than 3,000 species in the botanical family rosaceae include not only roses, but many of the most appreciated fruits, such as strawberry, pear, blackberry, plum, cherry and many others. But only one among them enjoys a comparable status to the rose in as much fame, mythical renown and for being a symbol consecrated to Venus Aphrodite and to the feminine principle. This is the apple, a fruit with a "genealogical tree" that goes back to the biblical Genesis, with a reputation that grants it the power to bestow both immortality and death, together with divine knowledge of good and evil, upon those who eat from it. Interestingly, its seeds are arranged in the shape of a pentagram. 

An apple sectioned transversally reveals at its core the pentalpha star.

An apple sectioned transversally reveals at its core the pentalpha star. 

The apple; a fruit predestined to an allegorical relationship with the force of gravity. First, in provoking the Fall from Grace and expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Thousands of years later,  through its own fall upon Newston´s head, triggering the eureka moment that instigates the birth of the scientific rationalism paradigm; kick-starting the mad rush for the Industrial Revolution, the desacralisation of reality and the process of ecological destruction bound to reach its climax during our dysfunctional age.

This fruit, forbidden to mortals and giver of eternal youth to the gods, not only appears as a  central element in various mythological narratives related to Venus Aphrodite (Hesperides Garden, Atalanta and Melanion, Helen of Troy), it is also found in other cultural contexts; in Arthurian romances and fairy tales, Nordic sagas and cosmogonies, Celtic and Caucasian traditions... Always orbiting around feminine archetypes: Kore, Idun, Freya, Sin, Persephone...

The Venus Octave

 

Returning to the astronomy and to the harmonious geometry danced in space by Venus, we are going to see next that the Rose of Hearts can also be represented as a series of ten points symmetrically placed over two concentric circles in relation to the ecliptic or zodiacal band. 

By connecting those ten points, two pentagrams are formed, as we can see in the image below, although this is only an approximation. In reality, the two pentagrams formed by Venus are not perfectly symmetrical. The point in space where Venus arrives to its eleventh conjunction doesn't close perfectly the double pentagram, but instead gives rise to a new sequence of ten points, which means that the two pentagrams slowly rotate along the ecliptic, at a speed of roughly two degrees every eight years. This open-ended progression is comparable to what occurs in the progression of a musical octave, whose last note is in fact the first note of the next octave. Continuing with this musical analogy, the period for the double pentagram of Venus to fully revolve around the zodiac is twelve centuries and there are twelve notes in an octave (seven whole tones and five semitones).

The double pentagonal geometry created by the conjunctions of Venus in regard to the zodiac. This image shows the next conjunctions in Leo, Gemini, Aries, Capricorn and Scorpio. Point number one marks the inferior conjunction on 6th June 2012 in Gemini; point number two marks the superior conjunction on 28th March 2013 in Aries, etc.

The harmonics of Venus with number five are not limited to the pentagram and the rose. From remote antiquity, the fifth day of the week was dedicated to Venus; Friday's etymology comes from Freya's day. Freya is the goddess that in northern European mythologies equates Venus. Spanish and French languages also keep that memory alive in their calendars since their words for Friday (viernes and vendredi) come from latin 'veneres', which is the etymological root of Venus. A further resonance is found in the cycle of twelve centuries during which the two pentagrams complete a full revolution around the zodiac, since there are five solar transits of Venus during this 1,200 year cycle.

Octaeteris: Venus, Sun and Moon

 

The cycles of Venus, Sun and Moon become synchronised after a period of eight years (with a small discrepancy of around one day), during which ninety-nine lunations and five synodic cycles of Venus happen. For example, on the 5th November 2005 the lunar crescent and Venus appeared in close conjunction just after sunset in the sign of Saggitarius. Eight years later, the same crescent Moon and Venus are seen again in close proximity in the same region of the sky right after sunset on the 6th November 2013 (that is, just one day difference). This astonishing coincidence between the solar year, the lunar phases and the synodic cycle of Venus was taken advantage of for calendrical use since very ancient times.    

  

Within this eight year cycle, known as the octaeteris in the Greek world, the double pentagon structure described by Venus in its orbit leads naturally to its subdivision into two shorter cycles of four years each. It is this bipartition of the octaeteris that determined the four year sequence of the Olympiads. And since this cycle was sacred to Aphrodite, its celebration was imbued with her archetypal attributes; resulting in the conciliatory, concordant, harmonious character that Olympic Games have always promoted; during which truces were decreed, prisoners released and all disputes banned. Nowadays, this four year cycle, although its astro-mythological origin is forgotten, is still in use through the celebration of the Olympic Games and other sports competitions, as well as political elections and the duration of presidential mandates, etc.

  

The Vitruvian Woman. © Xavier de la Huerga 2007-2023

Summmary and Interpretation 

Let's stop here to recap and obtain a glimpse of the greater picture. 

 

Once the impurities that time and man have attached to the original meaning of these symbols and archetypes are removed, a dense web of correspondences and reciprocities starts to emerge. The metaphor of Indra´s Net comes to mind, a net that extends throughout the universe with jewels hanging at every junction of the threads - an infinite cosmic cobweb covered in star dew drops - . On the surface of every single jewel a reflection of all the other jewels and in every reflection a further reflection of the whole. Throughout the entire Cosmos, Venus, the Golden Ratio, phyllotaxis and roses, apples and pentagrams, planetary orbits, galactic spirals... a beautiful infinite tapestry, tracery and knot-work without beginning or end... Microcosm in Macrocosm.

 

What is the meaning of this fascinating cluster of correspondences and complementary connections? Can it all be attributed to serendipity, coincidence and random chance? Or is there some other organizational principle in the universe that must be taken into account in our description of reality?

This is the time to introduce a concept that depth psychology founder Carl Jung called synchronicity, defining it as "a coincidence of events that are related meaningfully between them, yet lack a causal connection". This definition can be expanded to include the occurrence of events not just in time, but in geometric and astronomical space and within the archetypal-mythical dimensions pertaining to consciousness. This is what we witness when we look back at all the acausal correlations, common themes and multi-dimensional correspondences explored in this succinct three-part article.

But we will have to leave this discussion until the publication of Rooted in the Sky, when the development of these ideas within a much broader context will allow for a better understanding of the far-reaching implications. Once there, we will probe into the relationship of the synchronicity principle to both the holographic nature of the Cosmos and the function of consciousness as an integral element of the equation that defines reality.

We must now go on with the journey to the heart of Venus. The heartbeats are already audible.

 

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Journey to the Heart of Venus (Part II)

 

THE GOLDEN RATIO 

Mathematical Nexus between the Physical and the Metaphysical

 © Xavier de la Huerga 2023

 

Also known as the Golden Section, Golden Number, Golden Mean, Divine Proportion, Extreme and Mean Ratio, Katatome Kanonos... Although its discovery is commonly assigned to the Pythagoreans, it was known thousands of years before in Egypt, Babylon and the megalithic cultures of Western Europe. From the beginning of the 20th century, it was agreed to denominate this mathematical constant with the Greek letter Phi (ϕ). Its numerical value is usually shortened to 1,618 or 1'62, but Phi is an irrational number and has an infinite decimal component (1'61803398874...).

Phi appears in the pentagram informing the proportional relationships between all of its segments, between the sides of its triangles and between all its angles. Indeed, the pentagram is a pure geometric expression of the golden ratio.

The proportion between the pink segment and the yellow segment; the yellow and the green; and the green and the blue = Phi. Likewise, in each of the five triangles, the ratio of the bigger to the smaller sides is also equal to Phi. And so are the ratios between all its angles.

To correctly understand the presence of Phi in the Cosmos, it is useful to familiarise ourselves with a fascinating numerical sequence; the Fibonacci Series, which arises from a simple sum starting with the number 1 added to itself and followed by the sum of the result to the preceding member (1+1 = 2, 1+2 = 3, 2 + 3 = 5, etc). The resulting sequence looks like this: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144... This progression has the property that whenever you divide any of its members by the preceding one, it gives an approximation to Phi (ej. 144 : 89 = 1'617).

Organic and Inorganic Gold

With this understanding of Fibonacci numbers as the numerical expression of Phi, we can commence our exploration of the Golden Ratio in nature with greater ease. Let's start up with the vegetal kingdom where we find the recurrence of Phi in the frequency and angle of distribution of leaves around a stem; the numbers of petals and sepals; the distribution of seeds, etc. As we can see in the following image, the presence of Phi is not limited to the vegetal kingdom.

  

An example of Fibonacci numbers in the human body. The lengths of the bones in every finger conform to the 2-3-5-8 sequence.

Phi is present throughout the whole human body in the proportions and configurations of its constituent parts, but this presence also extends to the physiology of countless species in the animal kingdom. Phi is also at the source of many beautiful spirals that appear in a myriad organisms, from the microscopic unicellular foraminifera, through molluscs' conchs, ruminants' horns and all the way up to the flight patterns of the pilgrim falcon.

The Phi Golden Spiral in the nautilus conch-shell and one of the geometric methods  to generate it from the triangular parts of a pentagram

The Phi Golden Spiral in the nautilus conch-shell and one of the geometric methods

 to generate it from the triangular parts of a pentagram

In fact, we can say with absolute certainty that Phi leaves its blueprint in the totality of the biological realm, since we find it in the turning angle of the double spiral that shapes DNA; the "molecule of life".

This brief list doesn't exhaust Phi's presence in nature, since this is not limited to the organic; the vortexes found in tornadoes and at the macrocosmic level, in galactic spirals, the Cassini division in the rings of Saturn and the orbital periods between the Earth and Venus (as we will see in the next part of this article), they all bear Phi's unmistakable signature.

Other examples of spirals generated from the Golden Ratio  

Phi in the Arts

The harmonious nature of the Golden Ratio has an aesthetic quality that has been applied to many fields of human activity over the ages. It shows up embedded in the composition of masterpieces in music, architecture, painting and poetry. Which entails a very enigmatic element since, apart from instances when Phi has been used intentionally, recent studies show that in some cases its integration in creative works is not conscious. To this respect, various hypotheses have been offered and in view of statistical evidence, pure coincidence must be discarded.

The Parthenon in Athens. Its facade, ground plan, interior chamber, columns, etc are all imbued with Phi. In fact, it is Phidias, the name of its architekton or master builder, that is behind the choice of Phi to refer to the Golden Ratio.

The Divine Proportion

It's not surprising that artists and philosophers have found the Golden Ratio to have metaphysical, spiritual or transcendent properties. In 1509, contributing to the climax of the Renaissance with an influential treatise; De Divina Proporzione - illustrated with 52 engravings by Leonardo Da Vinci -, Franciscan monk Luca Pacioli described various equivalences between Phi and the attributes of divinity (his conception of divinity owed much to that of Plato's), who led him to give to Phi the epithet of The Divine Proportion. A concise summary:

1. Singularity and Uniqueness. Like God, Phi is unique and incomparable.
2. Immeasurability. Since, as an irrational number, it is infinite. 
3. Trinity. As it is defined by three components.
4. Omnipresence. Because Phi is a universal constant.
5. Creative Principle. The dodecahedron is the twelve-sided Platonic Solid whose geometry is a pure tridimensional expression of Phi and symbolises God's Creation, the Cosmos.

The Golden Ratio defined upon a line as three lengths. 'a+b' = 1, 'a' = 0,618 (Phi) and 'b' (Reciprocal of Phi) = 0.382. So, the relation of 'b' to 'a' is the same as the relation of 'a' to 'a+b'

Golden Ratio and Self-Reflective Consciousness

Pacioli´s theist terminology might be unpalatable to some, but it is still possible to formulate another analogy with identically profound metaphysical implications, in less theological terms. This is the correlation of Phi's properties of recursion and self-similarity with the self-reflective capacity of human consciousness.

The conventional meaning of recursion is that of "a sequence in which each term is defined as a function of former terms". Here, this definition is extended to refer to the capacity of Phi to reflect itself in scalar increments or reductions ad infinitum, without losing its self-similarity. In modern physics this property is known as "fractal". 

 The recursive, self-similar geometry of fractal shapes resembles organic patterns, hinting at the underlying order behind chaotic systems in nature (Image: https://www.fractal-recursions.com Copyright 2001-2008 by Jock Cooper)

Fractal pattern based on the Golden Ratio. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phi_glito.png)

On the other hand, self-reflection (also called metacognition) is the ability by which consciousness is conscious of itself; so to speak, "capable of seeing itself seeing", as in the act of looking into a mirror. This is the characteristic that defines the highest order of intelligence, which only a few species, other than human beings, possess to a similar degree. So, Phi's recursion and self-similarity can be conceived of as a mathematical expression of this capacity, by which consciousness is conscious of itself. 

The Golden Ratio is therefore, one of the mathematical expressions of the great mystery of existence that underlies the manifestation not just of life, but of consciousness. As such, its universal recurrence displays the three characteristics of Cosmos simultaneously exemplified in its essence; the Beautiful (aesthetic qualities), the Good (it has an intrinsically ethic function, as it supports the generative processes conducive to life, its growth and evolution into self-reflective conscious beings) and the True (as it offers proof of a greater purpose and intelligence at play in the universe, through the exact languages of number and geometry).

A great digital animation by Cristóbal Vila shows several examples of Phi in Nature (Note: the last part of the video showing the structure of dragonfly´s wings doesn't show Phi, but Voronoi tessellations).

We are not going to dive further into these waters, in the hope that this concise introduction has been enough to illustrate the importance of the Golden Ratio, its intimate relation with pentagonal geometry, its ubiquity in Nature and its role as a link between the physical and the metaphysical. Next in this series of articles, we are going to see how Venus seamlessly integrates within this multi-dimensional tapestry of correspondences, interweaving its beautiful movements and its cosmic melody. Going from its purely astronomical, planetary and physically measurable aspect to a perfect counterpoint with its mythological, archetypal, metaphysical and immeasurable facets. Let's go on with our Journey to the Heart of Venus!  >(Part III)

< Journey to the Heart of Venus (I)

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